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Source and license notes supplied with these plates. Plate inclusion does not add a study to the review or change its evidence rating.
Sourced imagery — carbohydrate-insulin-obesity academic infographics
Compiled 2026-10-10. Everything below is real, openly licensed scientific imagery/data. No fabricated content.
Images / data used
| File | What it shows | Source | DOI / PMCID | License | Attribution line printed on graphic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rstb20220211f01.jpg |
Fig 1: "Opposing causal direction in obesity pathogenesis models" — schematic comparing the carbohydrate–insulin model against the conventional energy-balance view. GI, glycemic index. | Ludwig DS. "Carbohydrate-insulin model: does the conventional view of obesity reverse cause and effect?" Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 378:20220211 (2023) | doi:10.1098/rstb.2022.0211 · PMCID: PMC10475871 | CC BY 4.0 | "Ludwig DS (2023), Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B — Fig. 1, CC BY 4.0" |
rstb20220211f02.jpg |
Fig 2: "High-glycemic index (GI) diet rodent obesity model" — photographs of representative weight-matched rats on low-GI vs high-GI diets, dissected to show visceral fat. | Same paper as above | Same | CC BY 4.0 | "Ludwig DS (2023), Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B — Fig. 2, CC BY 4.0" |
vat-lean-obese.png |
Fig 1: Imaging the visceral adipose tissues (VATs) of lean and obese mice with nonlinear optical (NLO) microscopy — histology plus CARS lipid-droplet / two-photon fluorescence imaging. | Urasaki Y, Johlfs MG, Fiscus RR, Le TT. "Imaging immune and metabolic cells of visceral adipose tissues with multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy." PLoS ONE 7(6):e38418 (2012). Via Wikimedia Commons. | doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038418 | CC BY 4.0 | "Urasaki Y et al., PLoS ONE (2012) — Fig. 1, CC BY 4.0" |
adipose-human.jpg |
Photomicrograph: "This is a human adipose tissue cell" | Wikimedia Commons, user Chalova.lina (own work, 2020) | — (no paper) | CC BY 4.0 | "Chalova.lina, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0" |
3I40.pdb → insulin-3I40.png |
Human insulin, chains A (21 residues) + B (30 residues), rendered as a ribbon cartoon with the page's own renderer | RCSB PDB entry 3I40, "Human insulin" (1.85 Å) | — | Public domain (wwPDB data-use policy) | "Rendered from public-domain PDB coordinates · PDB 3I40 (human insulin)" |
Rejected candidates
| Candidate | Why rejected |
|---|---|
| BMJ 2018 trial figures (Ludwig et al., doi:10.1136/bmj.k4583, PMC6233655) — energy-expenditure outcome charts | License is CC BY-NC 4.0 (non-commercial) — does not meet the CC0/CC-BY-only rule |
| BMJ 2020 figures (doi:10.1136/bmj.m4264, PMC7607868) | Same: CC BY-NC 4.0 |
| 4INS.pdb (pig insulin, 1.5 Å) | Species mismatch (pig, not human); used human insulin 3I40 instead |
| Ludwig 2023 Fig 3 ("An integrated model of obesity pathogenesis") | Schematic already covered by Fig 1; kept panels image-dominant |
| Obesity journal figures (doi:10.1002/oby.24104, PMC11357890) | Full-text XML unavailable at sourcing time; not needed given the above |