# Research timeline and gaps: Pasteurized Akkermansia and Metabolic Health

Selected publication milestones, not an exhaustive history or discovery priority claim.

**2013 — Early mouse experiments distinguish viable bacteria from the tested heat-killed preparation.** [Original PMID23671105](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23671105/).

**2016 — Human diet intervention links baseline microbial ecology with response without randomizing bacterial abundance.** [Original PMID26100928](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26100928/).

**2017 — Pasteurized cells and Amuc_1100 provide experimental metabolic/barrier sufficiency in mice.** [Original PMID27892954](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27892954/).

**2018 — Prediabetes taxon association does not transfer impaired glucose regulation to recipient mice.** [Original PMID29379988](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29379988/).

**2018 — Akkermansia vesicles provide experimental barrier and glucose effects in recipient models.** [Original PMID29472701](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29472701/).

**2019 — The first human pilot shows insulin/HOMA and cholesterol signals but unchanged clinical glycemia in selected body Results.** [Original PMID31263284](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31263284/).

**2020 — A defined multi-strain/inulin formulation has a genuine product-specific glucose-control signal.** [Original PMID32675291](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32675291/).

**2021 — A shared pilot-trial secondary analysis narrows a proposed lipid mediator without proving necessity.** [Original PMID33477821](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33477821/).

**2021 — P9 factor and host-pathway experiments narrow a distinct experimental mechanism.** [Original PMID33820962](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33820962/).

**2021 — Direct mouse live/pasteurized comparisons map strain/preparation effects.** [Original PMID34683361](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34683361/).

**2022 — Another Akkermansia species favors its live form, challenging universal processing superiority.** [Original PMID35805168](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35805168/).

**2024 — A different HB05 product improves selected older-adult torque outcomes while grip remains unchanged.** [Original PMID39683431](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39683431/).

**2025 — Live WST01 human trial has a whole-group clinical null with exploratory low-baseline signals.** [Original PMID39879980](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39879980/).

**2025 — A short postbiotic-yogurt trial provides formulation-specific selected anthropometric/liver effects.** [Original PMID40451504](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40451504/).

**2026 — Product-specific randomized maintenance trial shows less regain; this positive becomes explicitly post-discovery supplemental SC5.** [Original PMID42120725](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42120725/).

**2026 — Larger MucT trial has a null primary Matsuda endpoint and exploratory baseline-low marker signals.** [Original PMID42343233](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42343233/).

**2026 — Inulin changes selected outcomes without raising Akkermansia or improving HbA1c/CGM.** [Original PMID41636295](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41636295/).

**2026 — A high-fiber/energy-restriction intervention changes clinical glycemia and several taxa without isolating one microbial mediator.** [Original PMID42116498](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42116498/).

## Research gaps

Prospectively meaningful clinical glycemic/function efficacy of exact pasteurized MucT over at least 12 weeks.

Independent maintenance replication and longer durability after a clearly defined pre-maintenance diet lead-in.

Prespecified baseline-low interactions with multiplicity control rather than within-subgroup significance comparisons.

Direct strain/preparation and commercial-product identity comparisons; named mixture success is not component necessity.

Necessary human factor/barrier mediator testing, distinct from purified factor sufficiency in mice.

Complete body/supplement review and long-term safety beyond small short trial populations.

## Boundary experiment

A blinded randomized exact-preparation MucT trial enrolls baseline-defined overweight insulin-resistant adults, prespecifies clinically meaningful HbA1c/glucose/function outcomes at 24 weeks, and stratifies low Akkermansia before outcomes with a registered interaction test. Retain full-population estimands and multiplicity controls. A separate replicated 24-week maintenance trial assesses objective regain after a pre-maintenance diet lead-in, with independent outcome/diet/activity measurement and a prespecified durability extension.