Selected publication milestones, not an exhaustive history or discovery priority claim.
2009 — Foundational case-control association proposes MS-specific venous abnormalities; PubMed issue year2009 follows online2008. Original PMID19060024.
2009 — Open-label venoplasty reports pressure and selected RRMS changes, with high jugular restenosis. Original PMID19958985.
2011 — Objective balloon-only jugular thrombosis documents a possible procedural complication. Original PMID21803799.
2014 — Blinded sibling/control venography challenges disease-specific pathological narrowing; issue2014 follows online2013. Original PMID24119384.
2014 — PREMiSe randomized pilot tests sham comparison and target engagement without demonstrated clinical efficacy. Original PMID24975855.
2018 — Brave Dreams finds no clinical functional benefit with incomplete flow correction; online2017, issue2018. Original PMID29150995.
2018 — Independent Canadian sham trial finds no primary QOL or secondary clinical/MRI benefit. Original PMID30266886.
2020 — Expanded same-trial MRI analysis provides a positive lesion-free lead; online2019, issue2020. Original PMID31735108.
Validate a stable pathological-obstruction definition using independent blinded acquisition, pressure/flow and sibling/healthy controls.
Separate procedural success, sustained target engagement and clinical mediation; low engagement is a limitation rather than a responder-defined rescue.
Prospectively test the favorable-anatomy MRI lead against clinical outcomes and multiplicity control in an independent cohort.
Clarify stage, collateral and inflammatory mechanisms without generalizing rat iron/gliosis to human demyelination.
Establish objective long-term complication denominators by balloon/stent and operator setting with independent causal adjudication.
Audit supplements and correction bodies unavailable in this bounded source examination; do not convert access failures to negative findings.
If a scientifically and ethically justified study is contemplated, prospectively fix anatomical/pressure entry criteria and MS stage, verify sustained flow correction, randomize balloon venoplasty versus convincing sham with stable usual therapy and adequate clinical power, and test prespecified functional/relapse outcomes alongside MRI without conditioning on post-treatment responders.