# Microplastics and Cardiovascular Disease

Particles are detected in cardiovascular samples and associate with events; their causal contribution at real-world human exposure and the clinical benefit of detox remain unresolved.

The preregistered primary-subclaim rule returns Γ from the human particle-event SC2. Fifty-nine original reports include analytical studies, experimental injury, human observational outcomes and distinct PFAS kinetics/removal. Experimental plausibility and prospective association do not yet establish the exposure-specific human cardiovascular dependency. Genuine detection and genuine PFAS burden reduction are retained without converting them to demonstrated clinical harm or detox benefit.

No exact real-world human causal effect has a mapped exposure boundary. Animal sex, genotype, diet, dose and baseline injury boundaries are informative within experimental systems. Human sampling spans diseased arteries, surgery, healthy blood and transplantation, with different measurements. PFAS compounds and particles remain distinct; removing serum chemicals is not proof of improving every exposed person’s health.